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6611864Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. Typical circadian rhythms lead to high energy during the middle of the day (10 a.m. to 1 p.m.) and an afternoon slump. At night, circadian rhythms cause the hormone melatonin to rise, making a person sleepy. <Br><Br> Learn more in NIGMS’ circadian rhythms <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx">featured topics page</a>. <Br><Br>See <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6612">6612</a> for the Spanish version of this infographic. 1/5/2024 4:54:05 PM1/5/2024 4:54:05 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CR_TeenTimeline_Opt3B_M    Medium 343 KB 2/12/2021 9:29 AM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx395510https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{824D535B-F568-41B6-99E0-0EFFC580F9A2}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3719816This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. The illustration includes a cartoon with four frames and a fifth frame with potential applications. For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry at https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/ and the iBiology video at http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html.8/12/2024 3:52:02 PM8/12/2024 3:52:02 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CRISPR_Illustrations_2015    High 391 KB 2/5/2019 4:10 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx419700https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{8ADE9DDC-DC6D-4823-A1CC-7FF33FC2C0A6}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2549341DNA encodes RNA, which encodes protein. DNA is transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA sequence (dark red strand) is complementary to the DNA sequence (blue strand). On ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) reads three codons at a time in mRNA to bring together the amino acids that link up to make a protein. See image 2548 for a version of this illustration that isn't numbered and 2547 for a an entirely unlabeled version. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.5/13/2024 6:31:53 PM5/13/2024 6:31:53 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Translation_with_labels_and_stages_M    Medium 115 KB 7/27/2016 11:45 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx20360https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{F31244A1-27B7-404B-8A4E-3E8E9AEE63E7}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2606355The human skin cells pictured contain genetic modifications that make them pluripotent, essentially equivalent to embryonic stem cells. A scientific team from the University of Wisconsin-Madison including researchers Junying Yu, James Thomson, and their colleagues produced the transformation by introducing a set of four genes into human fibroblasts, skin cells that are easy to obtain and grow in culture.10/30/2020 7:29:57 PM10/30/2020 7:29:57 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified skin_cell_pluripotent07_1.2_M    Medium 364 KB 7/27/2016 11:42 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17070https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{F5E9431B-2DE0-44AA-BAE3-869CECE1EF36}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3255506Human metaphase chromosomes are visible with fluoresence in vitro hybridization (FISH). Centromeric alpha satellite DNA (green) are found in the heterochromatin at each centromere. Immunofluorescence with CENP-A (red) shows the centromere-specific histone H3 variant that specifies the kinetochore.12/22/2020 5:01:54 PM12/22/2020 5:01:54 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified GGS_image1__Peter_Warburton__3255_S    Low 74 KB 9/7/2016 2:01 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx18990https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{D0E6A44E-C25E-4BDC-810C-AC4C7C2A675B}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6487657This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). In this frame (3 of 4), the Cas9 enzyme cuts both strands of the DNA.<Br><Br>For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the <a href=" http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">iBiology video</a>, and find the full <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=7036">CRIPSR illustration here</a>.8/12/2024 3:43:08 PM8/12/2024 3:43:08 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CRISPR_Frame_3_thumbnail_T    Thumbnail 69 KB 3/12/2019 3:04 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx344160https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{9EA08454-BE86-4613-AF3C-9D3D96BEEF18}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2564475To splice a human gene into a plasmid, scientists take the plasmid out of an E. coli bacterium, cut the plasmid with a restriction enzyme, and splice in human DNA. The resulting hybrid plasmid can be inserted into another E. coli bacterium, where it multiplies along with the bacterium. There, it can produce large quantities of human protein. See image 2565 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/30/2020 3:11:06 PM10/30/2020 3:11:06 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Recombinant_DNA_S    Low 54 KB 8/24/2016 2:51 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C To splice a human gene into a STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx18490https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{B9D570D4-A13C-475A-83F9-F67DEAF4A0A7}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2554346Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has a sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). See image 2554 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.3/4/2022 7:36:33 PM3/4/2022 7:36:33 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2554_RNA_S    Low 97 KB 3/29/2019 11:20 AM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx202120https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{53E4AF8E-ED64-4744-90A7-3C71D80809DF}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2429329The cytoskeleton (green) and DNA (purple) are highlighed in these cells by immunofluorescence.8/17/2020 9:36:09 PM8/17/2020 9:36:09 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Wittmann2_M    Medium 284 KB 9/7/2016 3:05 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx158120https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{3A889D00-8849-4CED-A940-48E94DD31348}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2514210HIV is a retrovirus, a type of virus that carries its genetic material not as DNA but as RNA. Long before anyone had heard of HIV, researchers in labs all over the world studied retroviruses, tracing out their life cycle and identifying the key proteins the viruses use to infect cells. When HIV was identified as a retrovirus, these studies gave AIDS researchers an immediate jump-start. The previously identified viral proteins became initial drug targets. See images <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2513">2513</a> and <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2515">2515</a> for other versions of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.9/25/2020 4:29:40 PM9/25/2020 4:29:40 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2514_Life_of_an_AIDS_Virus_with_labels_T    Thumbnail 117 KB 4/19/2019 12:29 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx154100https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{7C26D3D2-FF70-420C-A0BC-1E2725806E59}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
1021279A light microscope image of a cell from the endosperm of an African globe lily (<i>Scadoxus katherinae</i>). This is one frame of a time-lapse sequence that shows cell division in action. The lily is considered a good organism for studying cell division because its chromosomes are much thicker and easier to see than human ones. Staining shows microtubules in red and chromosomes in blue. Here, condensed chromosomes are clearly visible and lined up.5/9/2022 1:48:39 PM5/9/2022 1:48:39 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified lilymit8_S    Low 12 KB 9/8/2016 2:40 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C A light microscope image of a cell from the endosperm of an African STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx14860https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{043568AC-3AD1-48FD-97C9-60AB01D5A133}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2733358Early on, this <i>Arabidopsis</i> plant embryo picks sides: While one end will form the shoot, the other will take root underground. Short pieces of RNA in the bottom half (blue) make sure that shoot-forming genes are expressed only in the embryo's top half (green), eventually allowing a seedling to emerge with stems and leaves. Like animals, plants follow a carefully orchestrated polarization plan and errors can lead to major developmental defects, such as shoots above and below ground. Because the complex gene networks that coordinate this development in plants and animals share important similarities, studying polarity in <i>Arabidopsis</i>--a model organism--could also help us better understand human development. Featured in the April 21, 2010, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/10-04-21/index.html#1 target="_blank"><em>Biomedical Beat</em></a>.8/12/2020 5:48:27 PM8/12/2020 5:48:27 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Arabidopsis    High 30 KB 6/3/2016 3:16 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C Like animals, plants follow a carefully orchestrated polarization plan and errors can lead to major developmental defects, such as STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17360https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{C2874526-938B-4961-ADB3-8FC981D7D983}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2759497In the absence of the engulfment receptor Draper, salivary gland cells (light blue) persist in the thorax of a developing <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> pupa. See image 2758 for a cross section of a normal pupa that does express Draper.8/21/2020 7:28:19 PM8/21/2020 7:28:19 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified draper-mutant_S    Low 16 KB 9/14/2016 11:24 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx14460https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{4A178706-B83E-481F-B939-8ACA0AB2C112}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2588417Each point in these colorful patchworks represents the correlation between two sleep-associated genes in fruit flies. Vibrant reds and oranges represent high and intermediate degrees of association between the genes, respectively. Genes in these areas show similar activity patterns in different fly lines. Cool blues represent gene pairs where one partner's activity is high and the other's is low. The green areas show pairs with activities that are not correlated. These quilt-like depictions help illustrate a recent finding that genes act in teams to influence sleep patterns. Featured in the March 18, 2009, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/09-03-18/index.html#1 target="_blank"><i>Biomedical Beat</i></a>.10/30/2020 4:36:12 PM10/30/2020 4:36:12 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Genetic_Patchworks_L    Low 7 KB 6/3/2016 3:13 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C These quilt-like depictions help illustrate a recent finding that genes act in teams STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx13350https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{9278DACA-CDE9-4603-ABF2-F12270ED332C}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3604744Along with blood vessels (red) and nerve cells (green), this mouse brain shows abnormal protein clumps known as plaques (blue). These plaques multiply in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease and are associated with the memory impairment characteristic of the disease. Because mice have genomes nearly identical to our own, they are used to study both the genetic and environmental factors that trigger Alzheimer's disease. Experimental treatments are also tested in mice to identify the best potential therapies for human patients. This image is part of the Life: Magnified collection, which was displayed in the Gateway Gallery at Washington Dulles International Airport June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015. To see all 46 images in this exhibit, go to https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/life-magnified/Pages/default.aspx.11/22/2022 7:23:52 PM11/22/2022 7:23:52 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 10_alzheimerbrain_s_T    Thumbnail 5 KB 6/3/2016 3:33 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx20560https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{5E098B48-2D3B-477A-82C0-1A20292EAF17}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2781433This is a magnified view of an <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> leaf a few days after being exposed to the pathogen <i>Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis</i>. The plant from which this leaf was taken is genetically resistant to the pathogen. The spots in blue show areas of localized cell death where infection occurred, but it did not spread. Compare this response to that shown in Image 2782. Jeff Dangl has been funded by NIGMS to study the interactions between pathogens and hosts that allow or suppress infection.8/28/2020 7:04:24 PM8/28/2020 7:04:24 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Disease_resistant_leaf_L    Low 16 KB 6/3/2016 3:17 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17950https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{200A2BD2-9BDD-4BA7-AFA9-9CB33B552449}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2758496This photograph shows a magnified view of a <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> pupa in cross section. Compare this normal pupa to one that lacks an important receptor, shown in image 2759.8/21/2020 7:26:54 PM8/21/2020 7:26:54 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Control_S    Low 16 KB 9/14/2016 11:26 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx16350https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{790A2C6F-2A21-48D4-8215-1A3D8B97D2B6}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
5765832During mitosis, spindle microtubules (red) attach to chromosome pairs (blue), directing them to the spindle equator. This midline alignment is critical for equal distribution of chromosomes in the dividing cell. Scientists are interested in how the protein kinase Plk1 (green) regulates this activity in human cells. Image is a volume projection of multiple deconvolved z-planes acquired with a Nikon widefield fluorescence microscope. This image was chosen as a winner of the 2016 NIH-funded research image call. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=3059">image 5766</a>. <Br><Br> The research that led to this image was funded by NIGMS. 12/18/2020 6:01:41 PM12/18/2020 6:01:41 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 5765_27434780341_d83e4dba28_S    Low 55 KB 3/28/2019 3:22 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx16050https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{DCB4830C-EE1C-4477-BE2D-FCA025E401F2}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
5766833Anaphase is the critical step during mitosis when sister chromosomes are disjoined and directed to opposite spindle poles, ensuring equal distribution of the genome during cell division. In this image, one pair of sister chromosomes at the top was lost and failed to divide after chemical inhibition of polo-like kinase 1. This image depicts chromosomes (blue) separating away from the spindle mid-zone (red). Kinetochores (green) highlight impaired movement of some chromosomes away from the mid-zone or the failure of sister chromatid separation (top). Scientists are interested in detailing the signaling events that are disrupted to produce this effect. The image is a volume projection of multiple deconvolved z-planes acquired with a Nikon widefield fluorescence microscope. This image was chosen as a winner of the 2016 NIH-funded research image call. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=3054">image 5765</a>. <Br><Br> The research that led to this image was funded by NIGMS.5/13/2022 12:51:55 PM5/13/2022 12:51:55 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 5766_26898997643_d4abe790bd_S    Low 55 KB 3/28/2019 3:21 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx18760https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{3F87A832-F8F9-4A2F-87F6-CE4B5A92250A}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2558541RNA interference or RNAi is a gene-silencing process in which double-stranded RNAs trigger the destruction of specific RNAs. See <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2559">image 2559</a> for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/23/2020 7:24:43 PM10/23/2020 7:24:43 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified RNA__Interference_M    Medium 145 KB 6/3/2016 3:13 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx14460https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{0C5E4CB7-ADEF-4C46-ADB6-9CBC849DA7A8}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2560543Histone proteins loop together with double-stranded DNA to form a structure that resembles beads on a string. See image 2561 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/23/2020 7:26:17 PM10/23/2020 7:26:17 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Histones_S    Low 54 KB 8/26/2016 3:14 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17650https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{4129A352-BCAF-467E-A2CB-ECE14F38F669}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3782767Each of the colored specs in this image is a cell on the surface of a fish scale. To better understand how wounds heal, scientists have inserted genes that make cells brightly glow in different colors into the skin cells of zebrafish, a fish often used in laboratory research. The colors enable the researchers to track each individual cell, for example, as it moves to the location of a cut or scrape over the course of several days. These technicolor fish endowed with glowing skin cells dubbed "skinbow" provide important insight into how tissues recover and regenerate after an injury. <Br><Br>For more information on skinbow fish, see the Biomedical Beat blog post <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2016/04/visualizing-skin-regeneration-in-real-time/">Visualizing Skin Regeneration in Real Time</a> and <a href="http://today.duke.edu/2016/03/zebrafish">a press release from Duke University highlighting this research</a>. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=717"> image 3783</a>.2/4/2020 3:21:30 PM2/4/2020 3:21:30 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 20160509-skinbow-fin-1_M    Medium 299 KB 6/3/2016 3:41 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C Each of the colored specs in this image is a cell on STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15050https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{9F84C2FE-EA85-4A26-AADA-4915D6443B3B}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6810917Three fruit fly (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) ovarioles (yellow, blue, and magenta) with egg cells visible inside them. Ovarioles are tubes in the reproductive systems of female insects. Egg cells form at one end of an ovariole and complete their development as they reach the other end, as shown in the yellow wild-type ovariole. This process requires an important protein that is missing in the blue and magenta ovarioles. This image was created using confocal microscopy. <Br><Br> More information on the research that produced this image can be found in the <em> Current Biology</em> paper <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00669-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982221006692%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">“Gatekeeper function for Short stop at the ring canals of the <em>Drosophila</em> ovary”</a> by Lu et al. 1/21/2022 3:51:54 PM1/21/2022 3:51:54 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Fruit fly ovarioles_6810_M    Medium 290 KB 2/11/2022 2:16 PM Dolan, Lauren (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17850https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{C9C95BC4-65E6-4B68-BC4A-814E3F8B69D5}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2563546The "epigenetic code" controls gene activity with chemical tags that mark DNA (purple diamonds) and the "tails" of histone proteins (purple triangles). These markings help determine whether genes will be transcribed by RNA polymerase. Genes hidden from access to RNA polymerase are not expressed. See image 2562 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/30/2020 2:55:15 PM10/30/2020 2:55:15 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2563_Epigenetic_Code_with_labels_T    Thumbnail 64 KB 4/19/2019 12:32 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx13750https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{95A703C4-967B-4DA2-835E-E50BC7EAD7F2}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6771909Mosquito larvae with genes edited by CRISPR swimming in water. This species of mosquito, <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, can transmit West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and avian malaria, among other diseases. The researchers who took this video optimized the gene-editing tool CRISPR for <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> that could ultimately help stop the mosquitoes from spreading pathogens. The work is described in the <em>Nature Communications</em> paper "<a href=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23239-0>Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoes</a>" by Feng et al. Related to images <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6769>6769</a> and <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6770>6770</a>. 4/28/2023 7:19:19 PM4/28/2023 7:19:19 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified MosquitoLarvae_VideoStill    Thumbnail 1025 KB 6/28/2021 8:49 AM Dolan, Lauren (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx28070https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{09B18D1C-0C3C-4F6B-9DDD-7BA19EE5AE1A}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2548340DNA encodes RNA, which encodes protein. DNA is transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA sequence (dark red strand) is complementary to the DNA sequence (blue strand). On ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) reads three codons at a time in mRNA to bring together the amino acids that link up to make a protein. See image 2549 for a numbered version of this illustration and 2547 for an unlabeled version. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.5/13/2024 6:33:05 PM5/13/2024 6:33:05 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Translation_with_labels_M    Medium 114 KB 7/27/2016 11:46 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx18860https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{AC34DAC1-7C84-40DD-B5EE-A99A094BF4F6}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6770964Mosquito larvae with genes edited by CRISPR. This species of mosquito, <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, can transmit West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and avian malaria, among other diseases. The researchers who took this image developed a gene-editing toolkit for <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> that could ultimately help stop the mosquitoes from spreading pathogens. The work is described in the <em>Nature Communications</em> paper "<a href=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23239-0>Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoes</a>" by Feng et al. Related to image <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6769>6769</a> and video <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6771>6771</a>. 7/6/2021 7:00:15 PM7/6/2021 7:00:15 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Group-MosquitoLarvae_3_1200x675px_M    Medium 32 KB 6/27/2021 9:33 PM Dolan, Lauren (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx19160https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{02BA6AA9-5422-416B-B1F0-46FB22FFA62B}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
67551007Insect brains, like the honeybee brain shown here, are very different in shape from human brains. Despite that, bee and human brains have a lot in common, including many of the genes and neurochemicals they rely on in order to function. The bright-green spots in this image indicate the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme that allows the brain to produce dopamine. Dopamine is involved in many important functions, such as the ability to experience pleasure. This image was captured using confocal microscopy.9/23/2021 3:05:46 PM9/23/2021 3:05:46 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified IGB Bee Brain Robinson Lab_M    Medium 545 KB 4/6/2021 12:27 PM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx27370https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{A4B72739-220C-4865-ADD4-F79CA8848067}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2626549The 46 human chromosomes are shown in blue, with the telomeres appearing as white pinpoints. The DNA has already been copied, so each chromosome is actually made up of two identical lengths of DNA, each with its own two telomeres.11/6/2020 8:58:08 PM11/6/2020 8:58:08 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified telomere_FISH_M    Medium 31 KB 11/6/2020 4:02 PM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15060https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{3A7A4467-E921-43F0-B27B-B8317169EF43}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2565476To splice a human gene (in this case, the one for insulin) into a plasmid, scientists take the plasmid out of an E. coli bacterium, cut the plasmid with a restriction enzyme, and splice in insulin-making human DNA. The resulting hybrid plasmid can be inserted into another E. coli bacterium, where it multiplies along with the bacterium. There, it can produce large quantities of insulin. See image 2564 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/30/2020 3:11:32 PM10/30/2020 3:11:32 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2565_Recombinant_DNA_with_labels_T    Thumbnail 68 KB 4/19/2019 12:32 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15880https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{A780F72F-734F-4D94-81C3-FE59ADC48D86}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3492597This tropical scene, reminiscent of a postcard from Key West, is actually a petri dish containing an artistic arrangement of genetically engineered bacteria. The image showcases eight of the fluorescent proteins created in the laboratory of the late Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego. Tsien, along with Osamu Shimomura of the Marine Biology Laboratory and Martin Chalfie of Columbia University, share the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on green fluorescent protein-a naturally glowing molecule from jellyfish that has become a powerful tool for studying molecules inside living cells.9/9/2020 1:51:26 AM9/9/2020 1:51:26 AMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified cool_image_colored_proteins1_M    Medium 103 KB 8/30/2016 12:30 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx16960https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{82113CDA-7154-491B-8100-C43A4925AAC1}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
1019278A light microscope image of cells from the endosperm of an African globe lily (<i>Scadoxus katherinae</i>). This is one frame of a time-lapse sequence that shows cell division in action. The lily is considered a good organism for studying cell division because its chromosomes are much thicker and easier to see than human ones. Staining shows microtubules in red and chromosomes in blue. Here, two cells have formed after a round of mitosis.5/9/2022 1:48:10 PM5/9/2022 1:48:10 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified lilymit13_S    Low 13 KB 9/8/2016 3:03 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C The lily is considered a good organism for studying cell division because its chromosomes are much thicker and easier to see STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15670https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{F7A7A261-CDEE-485E-8F24-D1923EE9C099}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2753491<i>Xenopus laevis</i>, the African clawed frog, has long been used as a model organism for studying embryonic development. In this image, RNA encoding the transcription factor Sox 7 (dark blue) is shown to predominate at the vegetal pole, the yolk-rich portion, of a <i>Xenopus laevis</i> frog egg. Sox 7 protein is important to the regulation of embryonic development.8/21/2020 6:05:59 PM8/21/2020 6:05:59 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Klym1_S    Low 9 KB 9/7/2016 6:11 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C AZM obtained this image from Dr. Klymkowsky in response to STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx23960https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{B5EE0511-C0B1-4806-84BD-E68B638129AB}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2755493<i>Xenopus laevis</i>, the African clawed frog, has long been used as a model organism for studying embryonic development. The abnormal presence of RNA encoding the signaling molecule plakoglobin causes atypical signaling, giving rise to a two-headed tadpole.7/14/2021 6:20:28 PM7/14/2021 6:20:28 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Klym2_S    Low 90 KB 9/7/2016 6:12 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C AZM obtained this image from Dr STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15590https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{7A0154DE-CDD8-4B46-B04F-627CC4245B9C}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2763427This fused chromosome has two functional centromeres, shown as two sets of red and green dots. Centromeres are DNA/protein complexes that are key to splitting the chromosomes evenly during cell division. When dicentric chromosomes like this one are formed in a person, fertility problems or other difficulties may arise. Normal chromosomes carrying a single centromere (one set of red and green dots) are also visible in this image.8/21/2020 7:35:28 PM8/21/2020 7:35:28 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2763_Fused__dicentric_S    Low 84 KB 3/29/2019 10:57 AM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx14960https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{DA0A716B-91C8-44AF-B721-33891244BB23}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
69991029These images model the molecular structures of three enzymes with critical roles in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the top, reverse transcriptase (orange) creates a DNA copy (yellow) of the virus's RNA genome (blue). In the middle image, integrase (magenta) inserts this DNA copy in the DNA genome (green) of the infected cell. At the bottom, much later in the viral life cycle, protease (turquoise) chops up a chain of HIV structural protein (purple) to generate the building blocks for making new viruses. See these enzymes in action on PDB 101’s video <a href="https://pdb101.rcsb.org/learn/videos/a-molecular-view-of-hiv-therapy"> A Molecular View of HIV Therapy</a>. 2/5/2024 1:44:04 PM2/5/2024 1:44:04 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified hiv-enzymes_M    Medium 226 KB 2/2/2024 3:43 PM Crowley, Rachel (NIH/NIGMS) [E STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx241100https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{A8C0C4EF-3A19-4D03-9D11-5E518506ED63}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
5764831This illustration shows pathogenic bacteria behave like a Trojan horse: switching from antibiotic susceptibility to resistance during infection. Salmonella are vulnerable to antibiotics while circulating in the blood (depicted by fire on red blood cell) but are highly resistant when residing within host macrophages. This leads to treatment failure with the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.<Br><Br> This image was chosen as a winner of the 2016 NIH-funded research image call, and the research was funded in part by NIGMS.12/18/2020 5:59:09 PM12/18/2020 5:59:09 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 26831610894_f3d948c0d7_o_M    Medium 208 KB 7/21/2016 2:16 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx16870https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{B1628989-49A2-4E4E-9A41-17D6459B80DF}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3656685A fruit fly ovary, shown here, contains as many as 20 eggs. Fruit flies are not merely tiny insects that buzz around overripe fruit--they are a venerable scientific tool. Research on the flies has shed light on many aspects of human biology, including biological rhythms, learning, memory and neurodegenerative diseases. Another reason fruit flies are so useful in a lab (and so successful in fruit bowls) is that they reproduce rapidly. About three generations can be studied in a single month. Related to image <a href="http://images.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=3607" target="_blank">3607</a>.11/30/2020 9:10:22 PM11/30/2020 9:10:22 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified pink_fruit_fly_ovary_Montell_L    Low 39 KB 6/3/2016 3:37 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C So use them as much as STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx16490https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{6325F483-590F-4766-AAE7-6279A5EB29B9}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6614867Los ritmos circadianos son cambios físicos, mentales y de comportamiento que siguen un ciclo de 24 horas. Los ritmos circadianos se ven influenciados por la luz y están regulados por el núcleo supraquiasmático del cerebro, a veces denominado el reloj principal. <Br><Br> Vea <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6613">6613</a> para la versión en inglés de esta infografía. 12/6/2023 4:12:13 PM12/6/2023 4:12:13 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CR_Brain_Spanish_M    Medium 27 KB 2/12/2021 9:45 AM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx258150https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{18FEB071-FF12-43AF-81D3-880E37E4767C}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3644753Just 22 hours after fertilization, this zebrafish embryo is already taking shape. By 36 hours, all of the major organs will have started to form. The zebrafish's rapid growth and see-through embryo make it ideal for scientists studying how organs develop. This image is part of the Life: Magnified collection, which was displayed in the Gateway Gallery at Washington Dulles International Airport June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015. To see all 46 images in this exhibit, go to https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/life-magnified/Pages/default.aspx.11/28/2022 9:47:40 PM11/28/2022 9:47:40 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 10_2_ZebrafishEmbryo    High 3224 KB 11/25/2020 11:08 AM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15360https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{EFC93598-A9C4-4712-A66F-7BB63D0EAD93}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2509205Nucleotides in DNA are copied into RNA, where they are read three at a time to encode the amino acids in a protein. Many parts of a protein fold as the amino acids are strung together. See image 2510 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.1/27/2022 3:39:21 PM1/27/2022 3:39:21 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified The_Genetic_Code_M    Medium 70 KB 7/27/2016 11:34 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx17390https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{3705D241-4A22-4929-ADC4-2EBEA5C0FFA6}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3792701What looks a little like distant planets with some mysterious surface features are actually assemblies of proteins normally found in the cell's nucleolus, a small but very important protein complex located in the cell's nucleus. It forms on the chromosomes at the location where the genes for the RNAs are that make up the structure of the ribosome, the indispensable cellular machine that make proteins from messenger RNAs. <Br><Br>However, how the nucleolus grows and maintains its structure has puzzled scientists for some time. It turns out that even though it looks like a simple liquid blob, it's rather well-organized, consisting of three distinct layers: the fibrillar center, where the RNA polymerase is active; the dense fibrillar component, which is enriched in the protein fibrillarin; and the granular component, which contains a protein called nucleophosmin. Researchers have now discovered that this multilayer structure of the nucleolus arises from differences in how the proteins in each compartment mix with water and with each other. These differences let the proteins readily separate from each other into the three nucleolus compartments.<Br><Br> This photo of nucleolus proteins in the eggs of a commonly used lab animal, the frog Xenopus laevis, shows each of the nucleolus compartments (the granular component is shown in red, the fibrillarin in yellow-green, and the fibrillar center in blue). The researchers have found that these compartments spontaneously fuse with each other on encounter without mixing with the other compartments. <Br><Br> For more details on this research, see <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S46/35/80M01/?section=topstories">this press release from Princeton</a>. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=721"> video 3789</a>, <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=722"> video 3791</a> and <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=724"> image 3793</a>.12/17/2020 7:37:00 PM12/17/2020 7:37:00 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Nucleolus23_L    Low 14 KB 6/3/2016 3:41 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C Br><Br>However, how the nucleolus grows STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx15970https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{2B6F28C6-3C26-44A7-8B84-F2F6B05584C2}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2593418This 2-hour-old fly embryo already has a blueprint for its formation, and the process for following it is so precise that the difference of just a few key molecules can change the plans. Here, blue marks a high concentration of Bicoid, a key signaling protein that directs the formation of the fly's head. It also regulates another important protein, Hunchback (green), that further maps the head and thorax structures and partitions the embryo in half (red is DNA). The yellow dots overlaying the embryo plot the concentration of Bicoid versus Hunchback proteins within each nucleus. The image illustrates the precision with which an embryo interprets and locates its halfway boundary, approaching limits set by simple physical principles. This image was a finalist in the <a href=http://www.drosophila-images.org/2008.shtml target="_blank">2008 Drosophila Image Award</a>. Featured in the April 15, 2009, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/09-04-15/index.html#1 target="_blank"><i>Biomedical Beat</i></a>.10/30/2020 6:58:12 PM10/30/2020 6:58:12 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified fly_embryo_M    Medium 76 KB 6/3/2016 3:13 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C and partitions the embryo in half STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx155100https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{BF4C3433-E2C4-44C9-90D8-125D37B552AD}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3306444Planarians are freshwater flatworms that have powerful abilities to regenerate their bodies, which would seem to make them natural model organisms in which to study stem cells. But until recently, scientists had not been able to efficiently find the genes that regulate the planarian stem cell system. In this image, a single stem cell has given rise to a colony of stem cells in a planarian. Proliferating cells are red, and differentiating cells are blue. Quantitatively measuring the size and ratios of these two cell types provides a powerful framework for studying the roles of stem cell regulatory genes in planarians. From a Whitehead Institute <a href=http://www.wi.mit.edu/news/archives/2012/pr_0301.html target="_blank">news release</a>, "Planarian genes that control stem cell biology identified."3/3/2022 8:03:39 PM3/3/2022 8:03:39 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified planarian-stem-cell-colongy1_S    Low 100 KB 9/7/2016 3:00 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx233120https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{D660FB5B-61A0-4FB4-BCC3-1AD111CDF4FA}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6465655This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the first frame in a series of four. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). <Br><Br>For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the <a href=" http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">iBiology video</a>, and find the full <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=7036">CRIPSR illustration here</a>.8/12/2024 3:44:25 PM8/12/2024 3:44:25 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CRISPR_Frame_1_S    Low 57 KB 3/12/2019 2:56 PM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx344130https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{9CD8CA2C-808C-4856-BC00-0D7F441C6B90}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
5816713In the gene-editing tool CRISPR, a small strand of RNA identifies a specific chunk of DNA. Then the enzyme Cas9 (green) swoops in and cuts the double-stranded DNA (blue/purple) in two places, removing the specific chunk.12/18/2020 8:24:29 PM12/18/2020 8:24:29 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CRISPR_poster_M    Medium 117 KB 3/27/2017 10:32 AM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C I know that NIGMS didn’t fund Janet’s work, but would we be able to STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx170140https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{69AE0AAA-6EF5-40FB-AB58-98F165A55084}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
3597739A study published in March 2012 used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the DNA replication origin recognition complex (ORC), a semi-circular, protein complex (yellow) that recognizes and binds DNA to start the replication process. The ORC appears to wrap around and bend approximately 70 base pairs of double stranded DNA (red and blue). Also shown is the protein Cdc6 (green), which is also involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Related to video <a href=http://images.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=3307><i>3307</i></a> that shows the structure from different angles. From a Brookhaven National Laboratory <a href=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=1391&template=Today target="_blank">news release</a>, "Study Reveals How Protein Machinery Binds and Wraps DNA to Start Replication." 10/8/2024 1:27:54 PM10/8/2024 1:27:54 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 3597_DNA_replication_origin_recognition_complex__ORC_S    Low 132 KB 3/28/2019 4:08 PM Constantinides STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx54260https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{B3B34891-56E7-4C4C-AC4A-53B710F155A1}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2541404DNA consists of two long, twisted chains made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains one base, one phosphate molecule, and the sugar molecule deoxyribose. The bases in DNA nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. See image 2542 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.10/16/2020 4:08:27 PM10/16/2020 4:08:27 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified Nucleotides_S    Low 63 KB 8/24/2016 3:55 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx354130https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{0968D0F4-3202-4345-AA11-D0A735FCEFB7}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
6612865Los ritmos circadianos son cambios físicos, mentales y conductuales que siguen un ciclo de 24 horas. Los ritmos circadianos típicos conducen a un nivel alto de energía durante la mitad del día (de 10 a.m. a 1 p.m.) y un bajón por la tarde. De noche, los ritmos circadianos hacen que la hormona melatonina aumente, lo que hace que la persona se sienta somnolienta. <Br><Br> Vea <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6611">6611</a> para la versión en inglés de esta infografía. 12/6/2023 4:07:23 PM12/6/2023 4:07:23 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified CR_TimelineSPANISH_Opt3 SPANISH_M    Medium 414 KB 2/12/2021 9:36 AM Walter, Taylor (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx31490https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{FFD1502D-963E-45D8-96C9-857661978201}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131
2455133A team of chemists and physicists used nanotechnology and DNA's ability to self-assemble with matching RNA to create a new kind of chip for measuring gene activity. When RNA of a gene of interest binds to a DNA tile (gold squares), it creates a raised surface (white areas) that can be detected by a powerful microscope. This nanochip approach offers manufacturing and usage advantages over existing gene chips and is a key step toward detecting gene activity in a single cell. Featured in the February 20, 2008, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/08-02-20/index.html#1 target="_blank"><em>Biomedical Beat</em></a>.8/20/2020 5:51:20 PM8/20/2020 5:51:20 PMType    Name    Media Type    File Size    Modified 2455_Gold_gene_S    Low 127 KB 3/29/2019 11:27 AM Constantinides, Stephen (NIH/NIGMS) [C STS_ListItem_DocumentLibraryhttps://images.nigms.nih.gov/PublicAssets/Forms/AllItems.aspx177130https://images.nigms.nih.govhtmlTruehttps://imagesadmin.nigms.nih.gov{1D011269-3AA9-44C4-8D58-702C27B5F5B6}Sharepoint.DocumentSet~sitecollection/_catalogs/masterpage/Display Templates/Search/Item_PublicAsset.js3131