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Related Information
DRCB News
DRCB Staff Contacts
Resources
NIH RePORTER
Grants and Funding
Funding Opportunities
Current NIGMS Funding Opportunities
Parent Announcements for Investigator-Initiated Applications
Research Funding
Research Project Grants (NIH Parent R01)
Maximizing Investigators' Research Awards (MIRA)
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Small Business Research
Multidisciplinary Teams/Collaborative Research
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Research Resources
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Grant Application and Post-Award Information
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Grant Application and Review Process
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2417
376
This fruit fly expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the same pattern as the period gene, a gene that regulates circadian rhythm and is expressed in all sensory neurons on the surface of the fly.
8/6/2020 7:51:34 PM
8/6/2020 7:51:34 PM
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This delicate, birdlike projection is an immature seed of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> plant. The part in blue shows the cell that gives rise to the endosperm, the tissue that nourishes the embryo. The cell is expressing only the maternal copy of a gene called MEDEA. This phenomenon, in which the activity of a gene can depend on the parent that contributed it, is called genetic imprinting. In <i>Arabidopsis</i>, the maternal copy of MEDEA makes a protein that keeps the paternal copy silent and reduces the size of the endosperm. In flowering plants and mammals, this sort of genetic imprinting is thought to be a way for the mother to protect herself by limiting the resources she gives to any one embryo. Featured in the May 16, 2006, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/06-05-16/#1 target="_blank"><em>Biomedical Beat</em></a>.
8/17/2020 7:59:57 PM
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In flowering plants and mammals, this sort of genetic imprinting is thought to be a way for
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In the worm <i>C. elegans</i>, double-stranded RNA made in neurons can silence matching genes in a variety of cell types through the transport of RNA between cells. The head region of three worms that were genetically modified to express a fluorescent protein were imaged and the images were color-coded based on depth. The worm on the left lacks neuronal double-stranded RNA and thus every cell is fluorescent. In the middle worm, the expression of the fluorescent protein is silenced by neuronal double-stranded RNA and thus most cells are not fluorescent. The worm on the right lacks an enzyme that amplifies RNA for silencing. Surprisingly, the identities of the cells that depend on this enzyme for gene silencing are unpredictable. As a result, worms of identical genotype are nevertheless random mosaics for how the function of gene silencing is carried out. For more, see <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/19/10059/5563947">journal article</a> and <a href="https://umdrightnow.umd.edu/news/umd-scientists-discover-hidden-differences-may-help-cells-evade-drug-therapy">press release.</a> Related to image <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6534">6534</a>.
12/21/2020 7:45:16 PM
12/21/2020 7:45:16 PM
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In the worm <i>C. elegans</i>, double-stranded RNA made in neurons can silence matching genes in a variety of cell types through the transport of RNA between cells. The head region of three worms that were genetically modified to express a fluorescent protein were imaged and the images were color-coded based on depth. The worm on the left lacks neuronal double-stranded RNA and thus every cell is fluorescent. In the middle worm, the expression of the fluorescent protein is silenced by neuronal double-stranded RNA and thus most cells are not fluorescent. The worm on the right lacks an enzyme that amplifies RNA for silencing. Surprisingly, the identities of the cells that depend on this enzyme for gene silencing are unpredictable. As a result, worms of identical genotype are nevertheless random mosaics for how the function of gene silencing is carried out. For more, see <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/19/10059/5563947">journal article</a> and <a href="https://umdrightnow.umd.edu/news/umd-scientists-discover-hidden-differences-may-help-cells-evade-drug-therapy">press release.</a> Related to image <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6532">6532</a>.
12/21/2020 7:47:07 PM
12/21/2020 7:47:07 PM
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These images show three stages of cell division in Xenopus XL177 cells, which are derived from tadpole epithelial cells. They are (from top): metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The microtubules are green and the chromosomes are blue. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=3443">image 3443</a>.
8/22/2020 5:25:02 PM
8/22/2020 5:25:02 PM
Type Name Media Type File Size Modified
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These images show three stages of cell division in Xenopus XL177 cells, which are derived from tadpole
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These images show frog cells in interphase. The cells are Xenopus XL177 cells, which are derived from tadpole epithelial cells. The microtubules are green and the chromosomes are blue. Related to <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=3442">image 3442</a>.
8/22/2020 5:30:27 PM
8/22/2020 5:30:27 PM
Type Name Media Type File Size Modified
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The microtubules are green and the
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Analysis of 68 million-year-old collagen molecule fragments preserved in a <i>T. rex</i> femur confirmed what paleontologists have said for decades: Dinosaurs are close relatives of chickens, ostriches, and to a lesser extent, alligators. A Harvard University research team, including NIGMS-supported postdoctoral research fellow Chris Organ, used sophisticated statistical and computational tools to compare the ancient protein to ones from 21 living species. Because evolutionary processes produce similarities across species, the methods and results may help illuminate other areas of the evolutionary tree. Featured in the May 21, 2008 <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/08-05-21/index.html#3 target="_blank"><i>Biomedical Beat</i></a>.
8/21/2020 9:14:58 PM
8/21/2020 9:14:58 PM
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This microscopic image shows a chromatin fiber--a DNA molecule bound to naturally occurring proteins.
8/21/2020 9:18:27 PM
8/21/2020 9:18:27 PM
Type Name Media Type File Size Modified
fiberinset_M Medium 37 KB 6/3/2016 3:11 PM aamishral2 (NIH/NIGMS) [C
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This image represents the structure of TrpRS, a novel member of the tryptophanyl tRNA-synthetase family of enzymes. By helping to link the amino acid tryptophan to a tRNA molecule, TrpRS primes the amino acid for use in protein synthesis. A cluster of iron and sulfur atoms (orange and red spheres) was unexpectedly found in the anti-codon domain, a key part of the molecule, and appears to be critical for the function of the enzyme. TrpRS was discovered in Thermotoga maritima, a rod-shaped bacterium that flourishes in high temperatures. Credit: Joint Center for Structural Genomics
9/18/2020 5:01:23 PM
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Type Name Media Type File Size Modified
TrpRS_S Low 155 KB 8/24/2016 3:00 PM Varkala, Venkat (NIH/NIGMS) [C
This image represents the structure of
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NIGMS-funded researchers led by Roger Kornberg solved the structure of RNA polymerase II. This is the enzyme in mammalian cells that catalyzes the transcription of DNA into messenger RNA, the molecule that in turn dictates the order of amino acids in proteins. For his work on the mechanisms of mammalian transcription, Kornberg received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006.
9/18/2020 5:05:13 PM
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Type Name Media Type File Size Modified
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David Bushnell (bushnell@stanford.edu) gave credit line and said: "You have
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This image of a mammalian epithelial cell, captured in metaphase, was the winning image in the high- and super-resolution microscopy category of the 2012 GE Healthcare Life Sciences Cell Imaging Competition. The image shows microtubules (red), kinetochores (green) and DNA (blue). The DNA is fixed in the process of being moved along the microtubules that form the structure of the spindle. The image was taken using the DeltaVision OMX imaging system, affectionately known as the "OMG" microscope, and was displayed on the NBC screen in New York's Times Square during the weekend of April 20-21, 2013. More information about the image is in a <em><a href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/23885.html">news release</a></em> from Indiana University and a NIH Director's <em><a href="http://directorsblog.nih.gov/omg-microscope-lives-up-to-its-name/">blog post</a></em>. This image is part of the Life: Magnified collection, which was displayed in the Gateway Gallery at Washington Dulles International Airport June 3, 2014, to January 21, 2015. To see all 46 images in this exhibit, go to https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/life-magnified/Pages/default.aspx.
11/22/2022 7:47:14 PM
11/22/2022 7:47:14 PM
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This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the first frame in a series of five. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry, <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/">Field Focus: Precision Gene Editing with CRISPR</a> and the iBiology video, <a href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology</a>.
12/21/2020 5:33:13 PM
12/21/2020 5:33:13 PM
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This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the second frame in a series of five. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry, <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/">Field Focus: Precision Gene Editing with CRISPR</a> and the iBiology video, <a href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology</a>.
12/21/2020 5:33:49 PM
12/21/2020 5:33:49 PM
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This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the third frame in a series of five. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry, <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/">Field Focus: Precision Gene Editing with CRISPR</a> and the iBiology video, <a href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology</a>.
12/21/2020 5:34:40 PM
12/21/2020 5:34:40 PM
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This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the fourth frame in a series of five. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry, <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/">Field Focus: Precision Gene Editing with CRISPR</a> and the iBiology video, <a href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology</a>.
12/21/2020 5:35:30 PM
12/21/2020 5:35:30 PM
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This illustration shows, in simplified terms, how the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used as a gene-editing tool. This is the fifthframe in a series of five. The CRISPR system has two components joined together: a finely tuned targeting device (a small strand of RNA programmed to look for a specific DNA sequence) and a strong cutting device (an enzyme called Cas9 that can cut through a double strand of DNA). For an explanation and overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, see the NIGMS Biomedical Beat blog entry, <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/09/field-focus-precision-gene-editing-with-crispr/">Field Focus: Precision Gene Editing with CRISPR</a> and the iBiology video, <a href="http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/jennifer-doudna-genome-engineering-with-crispr-cas9-birth-of-a-breakthrough-technology.html">Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology</a>.
12/21/2020 5:37:03 PM
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This image capture shows how a single gene, STM, plays a starring role in plant development. This gene acts like a molecular fountain of youth, keeping cells ever-young until it’s time to grow up and commit to making flowers and other plant parts. Because of its ease of use and low cost, <i>Arabidopsis</i> is a favorite model for scientists to learn the basic principles driving tissue growth and regrowth for humans as well as the beautiful plants outside your window. Image captured from video Watch Flowers Spring to Life, featured in the <a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/04/25/watch-flowers-spring-to-life/">NIH Director's Blog: Watch Flowers Spring to Life.</a>
10/7/2021 5:50:16 PM
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The structure of a gene-regulating zinc finger protein bound to DNA.
8/17/2020 9:31:43 PM
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The cytoskeleton (green) and DNA (purple) are highlighed in these cells by immunofluorescence.
8/17/2020 9:36:09 PM
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A LincRNA molecule, shown in red, serves as a scaffold for gene regulatory proteins, shown in grey. The DNA is represented as a grey double helix.
12/23/2020 8:50:59 PM
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This map paints a colorful portrait of human genetic variation around the world. Researchers analyzed the DNA of 485 people and tinted the genetic types in different colors to produce one of the most detailed maps of its kind ever made. The map shows that genetic variation decreases with increasing distance from Africa, which supports the idea that humans originated in Africa, spread to the Middle East, then to Asia and Europe, and finally to the Americas. The data also offers a rich resource that scientists could use to pinpoint the genetic basis of diseases prevalent in diverse populations. Featured in the March 19, 2008, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/08-03-19/index.html target="_blank"><em>Biomedical Beat</em></a>.
8/19/2020 2:47:57 PM
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Researchers analyzed the DNA of 485 people and tinted the genetic types in different colors to produce one of the most detailed maps of its
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A team of chemists and physicists used nanotechnology and DNA's ability to self-assemble with matching RNA to create a new kind of chip for measuring gene activity. When RNA of a gene of interest binds to a DNA tile (gold squares), it creates a raised surface (white areas) that can be detected by a powerful microscope. This nanochip approach offers manufacturing and usage advantages over existing gene chips and is a key step toward detecting gene activity in a single cell. Featured in the February 20, 2008, issue of <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/08-02-20/index.html#1 target="_blank"><em>Biomedical Beat</em></a>.
8/20/2020 5:51:20 PM
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Nucleotides in DNA are copied into RNA, where they are read three at a time to encode the amino acids in a protein. Many parts of a protein fold as the amino acids are strung together. See image 2510 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.
1/27/2022 3:39:21 PM
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New research shows telomeres moving to the outer edge of the nucleus after cell division, suggesting these caps that protect chromosomes also may play a role in organizing DNA.
8/31/2020 5:23:06 AM
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Two healthy cells (bottom, left) enter into apoptosis (bottom, center) but spring back to life after a fatal toxin is removed (bottom, right; top).
9/8/2020 10:48:30 PM
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Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. Typical circadian rhythms lead to high energy during the middle of the day (10 a.m. to 1 p.m.) and an afternoon slump. At night, circadian rhythms cause the hormone melatonin to rise, making a person sleepy. Learn more in NIGMS’ circadian rhythms <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx">fact sheet</a>. See <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6612">6612</a> for the Spanish version of this infographic.
2/16/2021 3:16:55 PM
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Los ritmos circadianos son cambios físicos, mentales y conductuales que siguen un ciclo de 24 horas. Los ritmos circadianos típicos conducen a un nivel alto de energía durante la mitad del día (de 10 a.m. a 1 p.m.) y un bajón por la tarde. De noche, los ritmos circadianos hacen que la hormona melatonina aumente, lo que hace que la persona se sienta somnolienta. Obtenga más información en <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms-spanish.aspx">la hoja informativa</a> sobre ritmos circadianos del NIGMS. Vea <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6611">6611</a> para la versión en inglés de esta infografía.
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Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. Circadian rhythms are influenced by light and regulated by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), sometimes referred to as a master clock. Learn more in NIGMS’ circadian rhythms <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx">fact sheet</a>. See <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6614">6614 </a> for the Spanish version of this infographic.
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Insect brains, like the honeybee brain shown here, are very different in shape from human brains. Despite that, bee and human brains have a lot in common, including many of the genes and neurochemicals they rely on in order to function. The bright-green spots in this image indicate the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme that allows the brain to produce dopamine. Dopamine is involved in many important functions, such as the ability to experience pleasure. This image was captured using confocal microscopy.
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A mosquito larva with genes edited by CRISPR. The red-orange glow is a fluorescent protein used to track the edits. This species of mosquito, <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, can transmit West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and avian malaria, among other diseases. The researchers who took this image developed a gene-editing toolkit for <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> that could ultimately help stop the mosquitoes from spreading pathogens. The work is described in the <em>Nature Communications</em> paper "<a href=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23239-0>Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoes</a>" by Feng et al. Related to image <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6770>6770</a> and video <a href=https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6771>6771</a>.
7/6/2021 7:00:39 PM
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The long, stringy DNA that makes up genes is spooled within chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell. (Note that a gene would actually be a much longer stretch of DNA than what is shown here.) See image 2540 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
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The long, stringy DNA that makes up genes is spooled within chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell. (Note that a gene would actually be a much longer stretch of DNA than what is shown here.) Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
3/4/2022 7:51:04 PM
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Georgia Tech associate professor Hang Lu holds a microfluidic chip that is part of a system that uses artificial intelligence and cutting-edge image processing to automatically examine large number of nematodes used for genetic research.
8/31/2020 4:16:30 AM
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The genetic code in DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteins with specific sequences. During transcription, nucleotides in DNA are copied into RNA, where they are read three at a time to encode the amino acids in a protein. Many parts of a protein fold as the amino acids are strung together. See image 2509 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.
1/27/2022 3:38:08 PM
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HIV is a retrovirus, a type of virus that carries its genetic material not as DNA but as RNA. Long before anyone had heard of HIV, researchers in labs all over the world studied retroviruses, tracing out their life cycle and identifying the key proteins the viruses use to infect cells. When HIV was identified as a retrovirus, these studies gave AIDS researchers an immediate jump-start. The previously identified viral proteins became initial drug targets. See images <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2514">2514</a> and <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2515">2515</a> for labeled versions of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.
9/25/2020 4:26:31 PM
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HIV is a retrovirus, a type of virus
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HIV is a retrovirus, a type of virus that carries its genetic material not as DNA but as RNA. Long before anyone had heard of HIV, researchers in labs all over the world studied retroviruses, tracing out their life cycle and identifying the key proteins the viruses use to infect cells. When HIV was identified as a retrovirus, these studies gave AIDS researchers an immediate jump-start. The previously identified viral proteins became initial drug targets. See images <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2513">2513</a> and <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2515">2515</a> for other versions of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.
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HIV is a retrovirus, a type of virus that carries its genetic material not as DNA but as RNA. Long before anyone had heard of HIV, researchers in labs all over the world studied retroviruses, tracing out their life cycle and identifying the key proteins the viruses use to infect cells. When HIV was identified as a retrovirus, these studies gave AIDS researchers an immediate jump-start. The previously identified viral proteins became initial drug targets. See images <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2513">2513</a> and <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=2514">2514</a> for other versions of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/ target="_blank"><i>The Structures of Life</i></a>.
9/25/2020 4:31:12 PM
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This tropical scene, reminiscent of a postcard from Key West, is actually a petri dish containing an artistic arrangement of genetically engineered bacteria. The image showcases eight of the fluorescent proteins created in the laboratory of the late Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego. Tsien, along with Osamu Shimomura of the Marine Biology Laboratory and Martin Chalfie of Columbia University, share the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on green fluorescent protein-a naturally glowing molecule from jellyfish that has become a powerful tool for studying molecules inside living cells.
9/9/2020 1:51:26 AM
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Like a watch wrapped around a wrist, a special enzyme encircles the double helix to repair a broken strand of DNA. Without molecules that can mend such breaks, cells can malfunction, die, or become cancerous. Related to image <a href="https://imagesadminprod.nigms.nih.gov/Pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageID=131">2330</a>.
9/9/2020 2:16:07 AM
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Los ritmos circadianos son cambios físicos, mentales y de comportamiento que siguen un ciclo de 24 horas. Los ritmos circadianos se ven influenciados por la luz y están regulados por el núcleo supraquiasmático del cerebro, a veces denominado el reloj principal. Obtenga más información en <a href="https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms-spanish.aspx">la hoja informativa</a> sobre ritmos circadianos del NIGMS. Vea <a href="https://images.nigms.nih.gov/pages/DetailPage.aspx?imageid2=6613">6613</a> para la versión en inglés de esta infografía.
2/16/2021 3:15:48 PM
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DNA consists of two long, twisted chains made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains one base, one phosphate molecule, and the sugar molecule deoxyribose. The bases in DNA nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. See image 2542 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
10/16/2020 4:08:27 PM
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DNA consists of two long, twisted chains made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains one base, one phosphate molecule, and the sugar molecule deoxyribose. The bases in DNA nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
3/4/2022 7:49:23 PM
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Viral RNA (red) in an RSV-infected cell. More information about the research behind this image can be found in a <a href="http://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/01/cool-image-visualizing-viral-activity/">Biomedical Beat Blog posting</a> from January 2014.
10/5/2020 5:40:18 AM
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Genes are often interrupted by stretches of DNA (introns, blue) that do not contain instructions for making a protein. The DNA segments that do contain protein-making instructions are known as exons (green). Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
3/4/2022 7:42:54 PM
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Arranging exons in different patterns, called alternative splicing, enables cells to make different proteins from a single gene. See image 2553 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
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Arranging exons in different patterns, called alternative splicing, enables cells to make different proteins from a single gene. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
3/4/2022 7:39:29 PM
3/4/2022 7:39:29 PM
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has a sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). See image 2554 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
3/4/2022 7:36:33 PM
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has a sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
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The enzyme Dicer generates microRNAs by chopping larger RNA molecules into tiny Velcro®-like pieces. MicroRNAs stick to mRNA molecules and prevent the mRNAs from being made into proteins. See image 2557 for a labeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
10/23/2020 7:22:08 PM
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The enzyme Dicer generates microRNAs by chopping larger RNA molecules into tiny Velcro
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The enzyme Dicer generates microRNAs by chopping larger RNA molecules into tiny Velcro®-like pieces. MicroRNAs stick to mRNA molecules and prevent the mRNAs from being made into proteins. See image 2556 for an unlabeled version of this illustration. Featured in <a href=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/ target="_blank"><i>The New Genetics</i></a>.
10/23/2020 7:22:50 PM
10/23/2020 7:22:50 PM
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This page last reviewed on 12/30/2018 11:48 PM